Pope Francis meets with journalists during a press conference aboard the airplane directed to Rome, at the end of his pastoral visit to Hungary, on Sunday. Vincenzo Pinto/pool photo via Associated Press

ABOARD THE PAPAL PLANE — Pope Francis said Sunday that talks were underway to return artifacts in the Vatican Museum that were acquired from Indigenous peoples in Canada and voiced a willingness to return other colonial-era objects in the Vatican’s collection on a case-by-case basis.

“The Seventh Commandment comes to mind: If you steal something you have to give it back,” Francis said during an airborne press conference en route home from Hungary.

Recently, Francis returned to Greece the three fragments of the Parthenon sculptures that had been in the Vatican Museums’ collection for two centuries. The pope said Sunday the restitution was “the right gesture” and that when such returns are possible, museums should undertake them.

“In the case where you can return things, where it’s necessary to make a gesture, better to do it,” he said. “Sometimes you can’t, if there are no possibilities — political, real, or concrete possibilities. But in the cases where you can restitute, please do it. It’s good for everyone, so you don’t get used to putting your hands in someone else’s pockets.”

His comments to the Associated Press were his first on the matter, as many museums in Europe and North America are rethinking their ethnographic and anthropological collections, amid a reckoning for the colonial conquests of Africa, the Americas, and Asia and demands restitution of war loot by the countries and communities of origin.

The Vatican has an extensive collection of artifacts and art made by Indigenous peoples from around the world, much of it sent to Rome by Catholic missionaries for a 1925 exhibition in the Vatican Gardens.

The Vatican insists the artifacts, including ceremonial masks, wampum belts, and feathered headdresses, were gifts. But Indigenous scholars dispute whether Native peoples at the time could have freely offered their handicrafts given the power differentials at play in the colonial periods.

Francis, history’s first Latin American pope, knows the history well. Last year, he traveled to Canada to personally apologize to Indigenous peoples for the abuses they endured at the hands of Catholic missionaries at residential schools.

In the run-up to the visit, Indigenous groups visited the Vatican’s Anima Mundi museum, saw some of their ancestors’ handiworks, and expressed interest in having greater access to the collection, and the return of some items.

“The restitution of the Indigenous things is underway with Canada – at least we agreed to do it,” Francis said, adding that the Holy See’s experience meeting with the Indigenous groups in Canada had been “very fruitful.”

Francis recalled that looting was a common feature during wars and colonial occupations. “They took these decisions to take the good things from the other,” he said.

He said going forward, museums “have to make a discernment in each case,” but that where possible restitution of objects should be done.

“And If tomorrow the Egyptians come and ask for the obelisk, what will we do?” he said, chuckling, referring to the great obelisk that stands at the center of St. Peter’s Square.

The Vatican Museums are mentioned in the 2020 book “The Brutish Museums,” which recounts the sacking of the Royal Court of Benin City by British forces in 1897 and the subsequent dispersal in museums and collections around the globe of its famed Benin Bronzes.

In the appendix, the Vatican is listed as one of the museums, galleries, or collections that “may” have objects looted from Benin City in 1897.

The Vatican Museums hasn’t responded to requests for information. The Nigerian Embassy to the Holy See, asked recently about the claim, said its “contact in the Vatican is currently looking into the issue.”