WASHINGTON — For roughly 500,000 Wal-Mart workers set to receive pay raises, something is better than nothing.

But it’s still not much. It still won’t be enough for many of them to afford housing and transportation and feed and raise children without government aid, according to economists and researchers.

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With the raises announced Thursday, an average full-time worker at Wal-Mart will make $23,660 a year and an average part-timer will be paid just $15,600.

The nation’s largest private employer – with 1.3 million jobs – unveiled a salary bump for many of its lowest-paid workers Thursday, promising a 1.1 percent increase in the average full-time wage over the next year, to $13 an hour. Part-time workers would get a 5.2 percent raise, to an average $10 an hour, by February 2016.

Both figures still fall below the $15 an hour “living wage” that many union-backed Wal-Mart employees have been pushing for. Workers are also campaigning for steep wage hikes at other major non-unionized employers – including McDonald’s and other fast food chains, driven by rising income inequality and a decades-long decline in middle-class jobs.

Despite the raise, incomes for many Wal-Mart workers would still hover near the poverty line.

Wal-Mart’s reputation has been pummeled by long-standing complaints that its workers can’t even afford cars to shorten their commutes. Many depend on families, friends, churches and government assistance, experiences that contradict the career possibilities being advertised by Wal-Mart.

“As important as a starting wage is, what’s even more important is opportunity, and we’ll continue to provide that ladder that any of you can climb,” Wal-Mart President and CEO Doug McMillon said Thursday in a note to employees.

But the announcement was clearly a recognition that workers in the retail economy are finding fewer ladder rungs to climb. In many cases, people are staying at entry-level jobs for their entire careers, stagnating their incomes and limiting their ability to spend at stores such as Wal-Mart.

LOCATION KEY TO RAISE’S IMPACT

Bill Simon, a former senior Wal-Mart executive, acknowledged as much to The Associated Press for a story published last year, when he said that many of the superstore retailer’s employees would be better off seeking higher-paying jobs elsewhere.

Still, the impact of the pay raise will depend on where Wal-Mart workers live.

In Fayetteville, Arkansas – where Wal-Mart is headquartered – a single parent of one child would need to earn $16.85 an hour, according to a living wage calculator created by Amy Glasmeier, a professor of economic geography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The calculator examines the costs of food, housing, transportation and medical care around the country.

In pricier parts of the country, the living wage is far higher: In Philadelphia, it rises to $19.68 an hour. In San Leandro, California, one of the San Francisco Bay Area’s more affordable suburbs, a single parent’s living wage is $23.22.

“The real challenge for them is to step up and calculate market by market, what is a fair wage,” Glasmeier said.

TOO FEW HOURS FOR LIVING WAGE

But wages are only one factor for low-paid retail workers. At Wal-Mart and other stores, many never get enough hours to earn a sufficient income.

“Are they able to get those hours so that they can earn a living wage, is the really big question,” said Heather Boushey, executive director and chief economist at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth.

The answer? Doubtful.

Roughly half of all Wal-Mart employees work part time. Wal-Mart announced Thursday that along with the raises, employees who want more hours would now be able to “view open shifts.” But the company did not commit to offering them more hours.

With the raise, an average full-time employee working 35 hours a week would make $23,660 a year. An average part-time employee working 30 hours a week would earn only $15,600, just below the federal poverty line for a two-person household.

NOT THE ROLE OF COMPANIES?

Some economists say it’s unfair to expect Wal-Mart and other retailers to bear the burden of fixing poverty.

“It’s unrealistic and inappropriate to expect that corporations will achieve that goal for the rest of society,” said Michael Strain, deputy director of economic policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute.

Instead, the burden should be borne by society as a whole, through the government, Strain said. He noted that federal programs such as the Earned Income Tax Credit help those with low wages. Nearly 28 million households received the credit in 2013, getting an average payment of $2,407 after filing their taxes, according to the IRS.

“All of society should pitch in,” Strain said. “If you only do it through $15 an hour, then its only McDonald’s and Wal-Mart contributing.”